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Management Information Due to its highly infectious nature, FMDV is one of the most difficult animal diseases to control. There is a vaccine, but it is not available in the United States, and countries using the vaccine are not allowed to export vaccinated animals because there is no way to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals. Control is based on quarantine and slaughter and widespread slaughter of infected animals is seen internationally as the best method to contain the spread of disease (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2002; and NJDA, 2001). AVIS (2002) report that, "The objective of carrying out a slaughter policy is to eliminate the source of FMD virus. Rapid and complete elimination is essential to prevent further spread of disease and to prevent completely the possibility of recurrence or recrudescence of FMDV in the future. Ruminants infected with FMDV can become persistently infected carriers of the virus. Vaccination does not prevent the establishment of carriers. There are currently no entirely reliable diagnostic tests to detect carrier animals and there is no method of 'curing' the carrier state. For these reasons, slaughter of animals is the only way of ensuring complete elimination of the virus." Preventative measures: 5M Enterprises (2005) reports that in endemic and high risk areas routine vaccination may be practiced to protect the breeding stock. Unfortunately vaccination is problematical. This is because protection is short-lived lasting only about six months. It is also partly because there are seven serotypes of FMDV and protection against one leaves animals susceptible to the others. Vaccines must be multivalent (several serotypes) in most endemic regions. Since FMDV is largely a winter disease, vaccination should be carried out in the autumn. Inactivated vaccines have been successfully used in many parts of the world and although protected against disease, vaccinated animals are not totally resistant and can still become infected and shed virus. Resistance falls fairly quickly, so animals must be revaccinated at regular intervals (4-6 months) to maintain immunity (5M Enterprises, 2005; and EU FMD, 2004). Countries in free and fringe areas apply strictly enforced national preventative measures against the introduction of infection. The main features of these measures are control over the importation of cloven-hoofed animals and of meat from such animals from counties in which FMDV occurs. Unfortunately, preventative measures cannot stop the windborne spread of FMDV. Infected pigs can produce huge quantities of infective virus as aerosols. In dry weather the wind does not carry infective aerosols very far. In humid overcast weather with a steady light wind blowing over flat countryside infective virus may survive long enough to infect other herds up to 60km (36 miles) distant. Strong winds, hills and objects such as high buildings and trees create turbulence and disperse the plume of airborne virus as they would a plume of smoke from a bonfire. Over water, given the same climatic conditions, infective virus has been shown to travel up to 300km (180 miles) (5M Enterprises, 2005). The United States has an extravagant strategy for preventing FMDV outbreaks. Diseases in foreign animals are monitored worldwide outside U.S. borders by the government. U.S. borders and other ports of entry are regulated and inspected. Any potential animal products that could carry animal diseases are intercepted and quarantined. Within the borders of the U.S. a strong animal health infrastructure is maintained that includes self-surveillance and monitoring. An emergency response capacity has been established and is maintained. Despite the significant time and monetary investment of the United States into these preventative strategies, it is understood that there are still weaknesses in the system and certain areas still require further attention and addressing (FIWG, 2003).          Location Specific Management Information Botswana Of the Sub- Saharan countries with endemic FMDV most use vaccination as a major control measure and many employ surveillance and movement controls within the country as well. Only a few of the sub-Saharan African countries are able to control movement across national borders. Several countries in the southern part of Africa (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) have zones within the country where tighter controls are in place. These zones are usually free of FMDV with only occasional sporadic outbreaks occurring. However, in all of Africa, only Botswana and Namibia have zones that are recognized by the OIE as free of FMDV (FIWG, 2003). Namibia Of the Sub- Saharan countries with endemic FMDV most use vaccination as a major control measure and many employ surveillance and movement controls within the country as well. Only a few of the sub-Saharan African countries are able to control movement across national borders. Several countries in the southern part of Africa (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) have zones within the country where tighter controls are in place. These zones are usually free of FMDV with only occasional sporadic outbreaks occurring. However, in all of Africa, only Botswana and Namibia have zones that are recognized by the OIE as free of FMDV (FIWG, 2003). New Zealand MAF Biosecurity currently has the resources to cope with an outbreak of FMDV involving 25 contaminated sites in the first week and 10 sites a week thereafter. However, it is difficult for MAF Biosecurity to accurately predict what size of outbreak it should prepare for, and the current level of resources is influenced by historical factors and what contractors can be held to. At one stage during the 2001 UK outbreak, there were almost 300 outbreaks a week. MAF could not cope with an outbreak of this size, but considers such a scenario unlikely because New Zealand does not have the same extent of stock movement as the UK (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2002). We are experiencing technical difficulties and unable to complete your request. Please try later. Source: Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers Error: -2147217900 [Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Incorrect syntax near the keyword 'and'. 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